SIMILAR FUNCTIONS WITH SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

= linking word + subject + verb

gerund:
e.g. Looking at the mirror, I decided to wear the blue skirt.
While I was looking at the mirror, I decided to wear the blue skirt.

infinitive:
e.g. The bridge, to be constructed in 3 years, will cut down on traffic.
The bridge, which will be constructed in 3 years, will cut down on traffic.

past participle:
e.g. Blood tranfusions, first used in World War I, are now common medical practice.
Blood tranfusions, which were first used in World War I, are now common medical practice.

SO - SUCH

So + adj/adv (+ that + clause)
e.g. You look so beautiful today that I want to kiss you.

Such (+a/an) +adj + noun (+ that + clause)
e.g. You are such a good boy that you deserve a present.
It is such a good weather today!

FOR EMPHASIS:
So + adj + a/an + noun
e.g. It was located in so industrial an area.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS

I don't know what you are talking about.
Can you tell me what time it is?

FORCING

Make sb do sth.
Have sb do sth.

Get sb to do sth.
Force sb to do sth.

SUBJUNCTIVE

Necessity:
It is important, vital, necessary, essential, crucial..+(that)+subject+bare infinitive+(should)+clause.
e.g. It is crusial that he be on time.
It is necessary that he work hard.

I insist, suggest, recommend...
e.g. I insist that he go there.
I recommend that she buy the flat.
I suggest that we be relaxed at work.

INVERSION

Not only...but also...
e.g. Not only did he cheat on me, but he also yelled at me.

Barely, Hardly, Scarcely...
e.g. Scarcely had I opened the door when I saw him.

Always, Never, In no way...
Under no circumstances...

Only if/after/when..., inverted main-clause.
e.g Only if I see that, will I believe it.

INVERTED CONDITIONALS

FIRST CONDITIONAL
If you see John, sai hi.
Should you see John, say hi.

SECOND CONDITIONAL
If I were you, I would apologize.
Were I you, I would apologize.

THIRD CONDITIONAL
If You had studied, you would have passed.
Had you studied, you would have passed.

WORDS INSTEAD OF "IF"

FIRST CONDITIONAL

• If + Present Simple --> will + verb

e.g. If we don't do our homework, our teacher will be furious.
Unless we do our homework, our teacher will be furious.

Provided (that)...
Providing (that)...
As long as...
e.g. Provided that the weather is good, the match will take place as usual.

NOTE: No "will", even if they refer to the future!
If-clause
Time-clause
e.g. If you go Paris make sure you visit the Louvre.

when, while, before, after, as soon as -->
Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect -->
to refer to the future!!

TIME CLAUSES
While you stay in Paris, make sure you visit the Louvre.
When I am sitting on the beach, I love reading books.
As soon as you have arrived home, please call me.

CONDITIONALS

• ZERO CONDITIONAL

Form:
If - clause: Present Simple
Main-clause: Present Simple

Use: a general truth or situation

e.g. If you heat water, it boils.

• FIRST CONDITIONAL

Form:
If - clause: Present Simple
Main-clause: will + bare infinitive / can, may, might, should, ought to + verb / imperative

Use: sth possible to happen in the future

e.g. If I tell you the secret, Anna will/may be furious.
If you see John, tell him to call me.

• SECOND CONDITIONAL

Form:
If - clause: Past Simple
Main-clause: would, could, might, should, ought to + bare infinitive

Use: sth what is unlikely to happen in the future or a hypothetical situation

e.g. If I were rich, I would buy a villa in Dubai.

• THIRD CONDITIONAL

Form:
If - clause: Past Perfect (had + p.p.)
Main-clause: would (or modal) + have + p.p.

Use: sth that could have happend differently in the past

e.g. If you had brought a map, we wouldn't have been lost.

• MIXED CONDITIONAL

Form:
If - clause: Third conditional (If + Past perfect)
Main-clause: Second conditional (would + verb)

Use: the result of a past action to the present

e.g. If you had eaten that sandwich, you wouldn't be hungry now.

WISH (IF ONLY)

1. wish for a present situation to change
wish + past simple
e.g. I wish I were younger. (we use "were" instead of "was" for all persons!)

2. wish for a past situation to change
wish + past perfect
e.g. I wish I had studied more.

3. wish for an annoying habit to change
wish + would
e.g. I wish you would stop smoking.

HABITS

• Present habit

be accustomed to doing sth = be used to doing sth / noun
e.g. I am used to getting up early.

get used to doing sth or noun
e.g. Did you get used to getting up early?
I am getting used to working late.
I finally got used to my boss’ complaints.

• Past habit (that no longer exists!)

used to + verb
e.g. We used to go to the beach everyday when we were kids.
We didn’t use to go to the beach everyday when we were kids.
Did we use to go to the beach everyday when we were kids?

TWO MORE WAYS TO EXPRESS PAST HABITS
1. Past Simple
2. Would + verb
e.g. We went / we would go / we used to go to the beach everyday when we were kids.

NOTE: “Would” is not used with stative verbs!
e.g. He used to be a teacher.(not “would”!)